bromine

• Description
• General information
• Physical data
• Radii
• Electronegativities
• Solid state structure
• Temperatures
• Enthalpies
• Ionization Enthalpies
• Isotopes
• Further information

Description

Bromine is the only liquid nonmetallic element. It is a member of the halogen group. It is a heavy, volatile, mobile, dangerous reddish-brown liquid. The red vapour has a strong disagreeable odour, resembling chlorine, and is irritating effect to the eyes and throat. It has a bleaching action. When spilled on the skin it produces painful sores. It is a serious health hazard, and maximum safety precautions should be taken when handling it.

General information

Discoveror: Antoine-J. Balard
Date discovered: 1826
Discovered at: France
Meaning of name: From the Greek word "bromos" meaning "stench"

Physical data

Standard state: liquid at 298 K
Colour: red-brown, metallic lustre when solid
Density of solid at ambient temperature/kg m^-3: no data
Molar volume/cm³: 19.78

Radii /pm

Atomic: 94
Covalent (single bond):
Pauling radius for the ion [Br]^-: 195

Valence shell orbital radius maxima (R_max)

orbital	s	p	d	f
radius	77.3	89.2	22.9	no data

Electronegativities

Both values are quoted on the Pauling scale.

Pauling: 2.96
Allred Rochow: 2.74

Crystal Structure

structure: orthorhombic

The following CrystalMaker image represents the solid state structure. For most elements, the most stable allotrope is illustrated. Try WebElements version 2 for interactive virtual reality and CHIME images.

Temperatures (/K)

melting point: 265.8
boiling point: 332

Enthalpies /kJ mol^-1

fusion: 10.57
vaporization: 29.7

single bond enthalpies:

Br-F	Br-Cl	Br-Br	Br-I	Br-Br
187	216	190	175	192.807

Ionization enthalpies /kJ mol^-1

Number	Enthalpy
1st	1139.9
2nd	2100
3rd	3500
4th	4560
5th	5760
6th	8550
7th	9940
8th	18600

Isotopes

This section gives some data for naturally occurring isotopes.

Nominal mass	Accurate mass	% natural abundance
79Br	78.9183361 (26)	50.69 (7)
81Br	80.916289 (6)	49.31 (7)

Further Information

• Additional information about WebElements 1.2.2
• This is a licensed copy (here is the full list) of WebElements 1.2.2 and contains a subset of the material contained within the main version of WebElements (version 2)
• For further information please try WebElements version 2
• Sheffield Chemdex: perhaps the largest internet chemistry directory
• Sheffield Chemputer: interactive chemistry calculators on the WWW