Description
Scandium is apparently a much more abundant element in the sun and certain stars than on earth.Scandium is a silvery-white metal which develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish cast upon exposure to air. It is relatively soft, and resembles yttrium and the rare-earth metals more than it resembles aluminium or titanium. Scandium reacts rapidly with many acids.
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General information
Discoveror: Lars Fredrik Nilson
Date discovered: 1879
Discovered at: Sweden
Meaning of name: From the Latin word "Scandia" meaning "Scandinavia"
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Physical data
Standard state: solid at 298 K
Colour: silvery yellow
Density of solid at ambient temperature/kg m-3: 2985
Molar volume/cm3: 15.00
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Radii /pm
Atomic: 184
Covalent (single bond):
Pauling radius for the ion [Sc]-: no data
Valence shell orbital radius maxima (Rmax)
| orbital |
s |
p |
d |
f |
| radius | 171.6 | no data | 59.2 | no data |
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Electronegativities
Both values are quoted on the Pauling scale.
Pauling: 1.36
Allred Rochow: 1.20
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Crystal Structure
structure: hcp (hexagonal close-packed)
The following CrystalMaker image represents the solid state structure. For most elements, the most stable allotrope is illustrated. Try WebElements version 2 for interactive virtual reality and CHIME images.
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Temperatures (/K)
melting point: 1814
boiling point: 3103
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Enthalpies /kJ mol-1
fusion: 15.8
vaporization: 318
single bond enthalpies:
| Sc-F |
Sc-Cl |
Sc-Br |
Sc-I |
Sc-Sc |
| no data |
no data |
no data |
no data |
162.8 |
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Ionization enthalpies /kJ mol-1
| Number |
Enthalpy |
| 1st | 631 |
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| 2nd | 1235 |
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| 3rd | 2389 |
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| 4th | 7089 |
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| 5th | 8844 |
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| 6th | 10720 |
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| 7th | 13320 |
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| 8th | 15310 |
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Isotopes
This section gives some data for naturally occurring isotopes.
| Nominal mass |
Accurate mass |
% natural abundance |
| 45Sc | 44.95591000 (14) | 100 |
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Further Information
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